The citation of "Digestive System Project"

T whole information of the project is from one source, which is the book of biology 201 & biology 202 courses.

here is the citation.

Losos, J. B., Mason, K. A., & Singer, S.R. (2008). The digestive system. In Losos, J. B. & Mason K. A. & Singer S.R. (Eds.), Biology (pp. 963-981). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gallbladder

Gallbladder is a gland that collects the bile that is secreted from the liver. Also it increases the concentration of the bile. Also it has a tube that transfers the bile duct from the gallbladder into the Small intestine.

Pancreas

Pancreas is the large gland of digestive system. It locates near the junction of stomach and small intestine. Its main function is to arrange the level of sugar by two hormones, which are insulin and glucagon. One of these hormones increases the level of the sugar, whereas the other decreases it. The secretion of these enzymes is secreted n the beginning of the small intestine.

Liver

There are many organs in digestive system. One of them is “LIVER”. Liver is the large inter organ of the body. It weights around 1.5 kg, and the size of football. There are many functions of liver and because of its many function, it is called the factor of the body. One of the functions that is done in the liver is producing proteins. Another function is to arrange the fat level in the body by making glycogen. At the end one of the main function of is is to take out the toxic substances from the blood.

Large Intestine

Large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. Its length is around 1.5 meters, and its width is around 5 cm. The main function of large intestine is producing vitamin K and then absorbs it. Also it absorbs the exceeded water from the food. At the end, the remaining of food will be collecting in rectum then will be taken out from the body by anus.

Small Intestine

Small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. Its length is about 6 meters, and its width is around 3 cm. Its main function is completing the digestion and then absorbs the chyme to give the body ENERGY. It receives food from Stomach. Also receiving food from stomach to small intestine is controlled by a muscle, which is pyloric sphincter. The absorption of food, which is the main function, is efficient because of its huge area. The food is absorbed to the blood through villi; also the villi have microvillus that makes the absorption so efficient.

Here is the picture for villi and microvillus where the food is absorbed.

Stomach (ruminant)

Stomach in ruminant animals is a four-chambered stomach. The chambers are reman, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. It can hold up to 50 gallons. It has these four chambers to can digest the cellulose. Stomach of ruminant is full of bacteria and protest that digest cellulose, which found in cell wall of the plant cell. It has these four because its food mainly “PLANS”.

Stomach (non-ruminant)

Stomach differs from organisms to another one, even within mammals. There are ruminant animals, like caw, and non-ruminant animals, like human. Stomach in human is bean-like structure; and it is just a camper. Its can hold up to 6 liters. It receives food from esophagus. Its receiving of food is controlled by a muscle between them, which is cardiac sphincter. The main function of it is to digest carbohydrates and proteins. Its pH is around 2. Its pH is so lower because it dissociates the protein to can be absorbed. After digesting the food, food will be taken out from stomach into small intestine by pyloric sphincter.

Esophagus

Esophagus is tube-like structure. Its length is about 25 cm, and its width is about 1.5 cm. it locates in front of the spinal column and behind the trachea and. The major function of esophagus is passing food from mouth into stomach. There is no digestive process within esophagus. The movement of food passes throughout esophagus by muscular contraction, which even can move food against gravity. The transformation of food within esophagus takes around 10 seconds. At the end, it gets rid of food to stomach by cardiac sphincter.

Mouth

Digestion starts in mouth. The function of mouth in the digestion is to break down the large bulk of food into small ones by chewing. Salivary glands aid the breaking down the food by lubricating the food with salvia. These glands digest carbohydrate from long chains into small ones. For example, it digests the polysaccharide into disaccharide maltose. This digestion done by enzyme secreted by these glands, which is called "Salivary Amylase". In human, because of not chewing food efficiently, carbohydrates need over-digestion.

Digestive System

Digestion is the chemical and mechanical breaking down of the food from large bulks into small components by digestive system. This process as a whole are called catabolism. Those breaking down components will be absorbed at the end of this system, in small intestine. The profit of this breaking down of the process is to get the energy that the body needs to do its activity. However, if the individual wants to be healthy, he should be healthy in his eating.

The digestive system is verified within the organisms. In general we can classify the digestive system into two parts, major organs and accessory organs. Food passes through the major organs. On the other hand, accessory organs help the digestive process through some its function, for intestine, secrete enzymes.

here is the picture for the digestive system

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